Dickens And Eliots Critiques On Industrialization English Literature Essay

Dickens And Eliots Critiques On Industrialization English Literature Essay Charles Dickens and George Eliot are both writers whose novels had a very significant impact on nineteenth century Victorian readers. Dickens A Christmas Carol and Eliots Silas Marner were written during the time of the Industrial Revolution in England and it opened peoples eyes to the negative effects that the revolution was having on common society. The authors saw industrialization as a loss of individualism and a time where people were being treated like machines by the cruelty of utilitarianism. It was destroying the nature and the human values that rural Victorian communities once held. Through these novels, Dickens and Eliot exemplify how the Victorian instance on industry and the greed of money hardens the hearts of the wealthy and physically and emotionally oppresses the less wealthy; thus, shattering the human spirit, threatening relationships, and breaking the bonds of community. Dickens passionately portrays his opposition to the Industrial Revolution in A Christmas Carol. He exposes and makes others aware of the inhumane environments and nature that the poor were subject to during the industrial phase of the nation. The novel begins with an introduction to Scrooge and describes him as a tight-fisted hand at the grindstoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! Hard and  sharp  as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. (Dickens 40) This description of Scrooge sets up the reader to understand the characteristics of some the wealthy people of the time. He is compared to physical objects which are not capable of any emotion or feeling, and therefore illustrates him as being very inhuman. Scrooge is portrayed as very capable of breaking peoples spirits with his cruel words and actions. When the portly gentlemen approach Scrooge to ask him for a donation for the poor, he responds by saying that he cant afford to make idle people merry and that its not his business to help the unfortunate (Dickens 45). There is great irony in his words as he can very well afford to do anything he wants, being the very wealthy man and creditor he was. The fact that he states that the matter has nothing to do with his business is very untrue as he would not even be in business were it not for the lower class citizens making him all the money he was accumulating. This dialogue shows that Scrooge is almost feared in society  due to his status and the unkindness that comes with it. Dickens portrays the harsh reality of Scrooge and those of his class early in the novel to cause readers to react and to look forward to seeing how the character changes throughout the novel; thus exemplifying h ow they can change as well. Scrooge destroys any attempt by his nephew to build a relationship with him. He is so preoccupied with his greed for money that he doesnt realize that it is the very thing that is making him miserable. Although Scrooges nephew is poorer than him, he pleads with his uncle saying, I want nothing from you; I ask nothing of  you; why cannot we be friends? (Dickens 43). Dickens illustrates here that people are not even after Scrooge for his money, but merely want him to be open to the idea interpersonal relationships and happiness. Clearly, industry makes the rich richer, however, it also destroys their ability to be truly content with what they have. It makes them ignore the need for human relationships and begins to transform the wealthy into heartless people. The character of Scrooge denies any ties to the community and strives to live for himself alone. The spirits remind Scrooge that he used to be full of joy before he let industry in his way of happiness.  At the thought of the poor dying due to lack of necessities, Scrooge replies, If they would rather dieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population (Dickens 45). This attitude towards community did not exist before industrialization as people worked together and depended on each other for support. Here, Dickens exemplifies the selfishness that comes along with industry. It all comes down to self accomplishment, and the wealthy continue to strive for more wealth at the cost of the lives and happiness of others. Dickens mentions the Poor Law and requests for people to recognize the difficulty of those whom the law has put out of place and driven into poverty. He expresses the responsibility that society has to provide for them compassionately. In his novel , Dickens puts forward that this materialistic, cruel society driven by industry can be reformed by becoming a more generous society that values the human life more than material wealth. As he proves with the character of Scrooge, it ultimately results in the joy and success of the society as a whole rather than the depression of the wealthy and the oppression of the poor. Eliot presents her Silas Marner and critiques industrialization similar to the ways in which Dickens opposes it with his novel. She is drawn to the pre-industrial values and attempts to prove that love of others is ultimately more rewarding than love of money. She does this through the character of Silas Marner, who becomes obsessed with the wealth he earns for his work and begins hoarding it, using it as little of it as possible. Just as Dickens does with his description of Scrooge, Eliot describes Marner using physical objects that are incapable of any feeling or emotion: Strangely Marners face and figure shrank and bent themselves into a constant mechanical relation to the objects of his life, so that he produced the same sort of impression as a handle or a crooked tube, which has no meaning standing apart. The prominent eyes that used to look trusting and dreamy, now looked as if they had been made to see only one kind of thing that was very small, like tiny grain, for which they hunted everywhere; and he was so withered and yellowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Eliot 25) Here, Silas is described as looking like a handle or a crooked tube. It is difficult to imagine someones physique as looking like this and it therefore, shows how much he has let his body degrade because of his love for money. Silas also serves an indicator of industry in the rural village of Raveloe as his life is degraded to the status of a machine. His ability to see only one kind of thingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for which they hunted everywhere shows that Silas can only see one thing in his life-money. His work and his wealth is the only thing that drives him in life. Although it is costing him his health and is prematurely aging him, he is blinded by industry to seeing anything but his profit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he had five bright guineas put into his hand; no man expected a share of them, and he loved no man that he should offer him a shareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it was pleasant to him to feel them in his palm, and look at their bright faces, which were all his own: it was another element of life, like the weaving and the satisfaction of hungerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Eliot 23) Silas sees his wealth as gratifying as satisfying his hunger. Comparing the accumulation of wealth to a necessity such as food shows that money is what his whole life is about and nothing, including his health, matters as much. This portrays the machine-like lifestyle that comes along with industrialization. Just as machines are only seen for the labour they produce and need nothing in return, some people such as Silas feel the same way as they dont care for their physical needs but only look to increase their material wealth. Eliot uses the characters Godfrey and Dunstan to portray the way in which industrialization and the greed for money can corrupt and break relationships. These two wealthy brothers use each other and others to take advantage of any selfish wish they can claim. Dustan blackmails and bribes Godfrey to accumulate more wealth from him for his own selfish love of gambling and drinking. Godfrey on the other hand, allows his first wife and daughter to suffer due to his ignorance and moral cowardice. Although they have more wealth than most in Raveloe could ever dream of, that craving for an infinite amount of wealth that comes with industrialization corrupts all the relationships these brothers have with others. Dunstan ends up dying without experiencing his saved wealth and Godfrey is left to live a life of regret as he is unable to have children with his second wife and unable to get back his real daughter Eppie. Eliot demonstrates that these relationships are more valuable than wealth but those that ignorant to it, end up losing the relationships. Silas is shown as choosing his relationship to Eppie over his loss of wealth. This however, brings about joy that wealth can never accomplish: Eh, my precious child, the blessing was mine. If you hadnt been sent to save me, I should ha gone to the grave in my misery. The money was taken away from me in time; and you see its been kept-kept till it was wanted for you. Its wonderful-our life is wonderful (Eliot 158). Silas dehumanized being is restored once Eppie enters his life and shows him what real happiness is. The gold had kept his thoughts in an ever-repeated circle, leading to nothing beyond itself; but Eppie was an object compacted of changes and hopes that forced his thoughts onwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The gold had asked that he should sit weaving longer and longer, deafened and blinded more and more to all things except the monotony of his loom and the repetition of his web; but Eppie called him away from his weaving, and made him think all its pauses a holiday, reawakening his senses with her fresh life, even to the old winter-flies that came crawling forth in the early spring sunshine, and warming him into joy because  she  had joy. (123) This passage demonstrates the never-ending pattern of industrialization. It pulls people into a cycle that forces them to go around and around without any real purpose or gain. As they follow this cyclical pattern, they allow the physical body and their emotions to deteriorate. They continue to be deafened and blinded to the destruction that industry is causing in their lives and community. Life becomes a dark place without any sunshine or the warmth of love, as people become immune and ignorant to such things unless they pull out of the cycle. Eppie, in this case, pulls Silas out of this never-ending cycle into the light, where he can see properly again. The sense of community portrayed in the rural Raveloe is completely opposite to the industrialized place where Silas is originally from. In Raveloes trade-based community, every person plays a vital role in the success of the village. However, Silas and Eppie return to Lantern Yard, he finds that his entire community has vanished and that a large factory has been placed where the chapel one was. This is very significant because the chapel is the place where all different types of people gathered as one community. This sense of community is destroyed by the power of industrialization and completely gets rid of all the tradition, memories, and values the place once held. Eliots Victorian readers would have understood what Eliot was trying to accomplish through her novel. As Victorian society was already experiencing the impacts of industry during the time of the novel, they may have looked upon Raveloe and its sense of community as the image of what they had lost. The industrial landscape that came into existence with the revolution was frightening, destructive, and dehumanizing; destroying all the memories of the better past. Both Dickens A Christmas Carol and Eliots Silas Marner present industrialization as the inevitable leader to the dehumanization of labour, as workers are reduced to nothing more than machines and the amount of money that their work is worth. By presenting these novels to Victorian society, these authors attempted to educate and make aware the tremendous negative effects industry was having on the poors welfare, the happiness of the wealthy, and community bonds as a whole. An interesting aspect of both novels is that children are used in the redemption process of both characters: Scrooge says, It is good to be children sometimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in regards to their reaction to Christmas (Dickens 229). Silas states, But yet men are led away from threatening destruction: a hand is put into theirs, which leads them forth gently towards a calm and bright land, so that they look no more backward; and the hand may be a little childs (Eliot 128). This is significant because although children a re exposed to industrialization in a different way, they choose to love, build relationships, and uplift the human spirit by default. And so, both authors present the idea that it is better to be like them. By presenting the reformation of Scrooge and Silas, these authors attempt to demonstrate that restoration is possible if people are willing to get out of the cyclical pattern of industrialization and return to the pre-industrial values of society.

The Hawksbill Turtle

The Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Shane Stoughton GS 108 Oceanography Suzanne Bannan September 05, 2012 INTRODUCTION Sea turtles were making their appearance about 65 million years ago, also the time that dinosaurs were being wiped out. These magnificent creatures did not succumb to extinction like their dinosaur counterparts primarily because they were submerged beneath the ocean when the asteroids struck Earth. This is one of main reasons I chose the specific sea turtle The Hawksbill Turtle. The scientific name of The Hawksbill turtle is eretmochelys imbricata.This sea turtle gets its name from its hooked beak formed by its yellowish jaws. The Hawksbill Turtle is one of nature’s longest surviving creatures. This fact sparks the interest of many people into wanting to learn more about sea turtles. One unfortunate fact of life for this turtle is that they have always been creatures of high demand with their shells prized for their use in jewelry and beads and their b odies for meat. As with other sea turtles, one of the best ways to monitor the status of populations is to survey nesting beaches over many years.However, because hawksbills usually nest in small numbers and often on remote beaches, it is very difficult to estimate the population size. Like many sea turtles, hawksbills are a critically endangered species due mostly to human impact. Hawksbill eggs are still eaten around the world despite the turtle’s international protected status, and they are often killed for their flesh and their stunning shells. (NatGeo 2012) The decline of this species is primarily due to human exploitation for tortoiseshell. While the legal hawksbill shell trade ended when Japan agreed to stop importing shell in 1993, a significant illegal trade continues.Other threats include loss or degradation of nesting habitat from coastal development and beach armoring; disorientation of hatchlings by beachfront lighting; nest predation by native and non-native pre dators; degradation of foraging habitat; marine pollution and debris; watercraft strikes; and incidental take from commercial fishing operations. (FWS 2012) The most important thing that can be done for this species is to make the public aware of their actions that harm the turtles and how they can change their ways. One surprising threat to sea turtles is the balloons that people let go.These balloons often float over the ocean before popping, and sea turtles can choke on the pieces of the balloon that fall into the water. Floating balloons look like jellyfish to sea turtles. Where can we find the Hawksbill Turtle? When it comes to where sea turtles are found, it can vary from very shallow waters, to greater depths of the ocean. Hawksbills are found mainly in the tropical regions of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the western hemisphere, nests have been reported as far north as Massachusetts, with some being present in the Long Island Sound.However, between the Carolinas and Ne w Jersey, very few Hawksbill Turtles have been sighted, much less recorded. Hawksbill Turtles are also found around the Oceanic Islands, and the Indian Ocean. Hawksbills use different habitats at different stages of their life cycle. It is widely believed that posthatchling hawksbills are pelagic and take shelter in weedlines around convergence zones. Sargassum and floating debris such as styrofoam, tar balls, and plastic bits (all common components of weedlines) are consistently found in the stomachs of youngsters that strand in Texas.It is likely the weedlines in the Gulf of Mexico serve as a habitat for hawksbill that enter the US waters. (Turtles 2005) After the turtle spends some time growing concealed in the weedlines, these are known as pelagic zones, the creature re-emerges back out in the oceanic waters, (oceanic zone) mostly off coastlines when they reach 20-25 cm in length. This is after the turtle has matured quite a bit considering that the turtles average length throug hout the span of its life (30 to 50 years) and can usually reach 2-3 feet (roughly . to 1 meter) in length, which is not particularly large when compared to other species of sea turtles, and weighs anywhere from 100-200 (45-90 kg) pounds. So, long story short, they spend a considerable amount of time on in the weeds of coastlines before they re-enter deeper oceanic zones. Hawksbill turtles are most commonly found in coral reef habitats where sponges, a food source for hawksbills, grow on solid substrate. They also reside in shoals, lagoons of oceanic islands and on continental shelves. MarineBio 2012) In the Caribbean, as hawksbills grow they begin exclusively feeding on only a few types of sponges. However, in the Indo-Pacific, hawksbills continue eating a varied diet that includes sponges, other invertebrates, and algae. The ledges and caves of coral reefs provide shelter for resting hawksbills both during the day and at night. Hawksbills are known to inhabit the same resting spot night after night. Hawksbills are also found around rocky outcrops and high energy shoals, which are also optimum sites for sponge growth.They are also known to inhabit mangrove-fringed bays and estuaries, particularly along the eastern shore of continents where coral reefs are absent. The main threats that are associated with this turtle’s habitat are: habitat loss of coral reef communities, harvest of their eggs and meat aka commercial exploitation, increased commercial as well as recreational use of their prime nesting beaches, and accidental capture in commercial fishing nets. Reproduction, nesting, and migrationMales can be distinguished from females by their longer, thicker tail that extends well beyond the posterior part of the carapace. Mating often occurs at the surface in shallow waters near nesting beaches. Males will use their long heavy claws and tail to hold onto the females carapace. Copulation may last for several hours. (allthesea 2012) After the turtles hav e mated, the female turtles go into a nesting period, at night during the months between May and October the turtles will find a secluded small island somewhere to select a place to lay her eggs.They make sure that when choosing a site in which to lay their eggs that it is some distance away from the high tide line and more often than not choose a site underneath the brush on the island. They then begin to dig a pit about the size of their body with their fore and hind flippers creating a chamber for the eggs. After the turtle has laid all of her eggs, she will then refill the pit with sand covering the newly laid eggs and promptly return back into the ocean.Hawksbills only nest every two to three years but can lay up to six clutches of eggs within one breeding season, which on average lasts anywhere between 14-21 day increments. Females who re-nest often return to the same island where they originally laid their eggs, and it can also be within a few meters of the last nest. Most cl utches average about 130 eggs, but they range anywhere from a few to as many as 230 eggs! The Hawksbill Turtle migrates up to 2400 km between foraging areas and nesting beaches (Miller et al. 1998).The recovery of flipper tags suggests that Hawksbill Turtles are highly migratory, as animals that were tagged in the northern Great Barrier Reef have been recaptured in foraging areas in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria, south-eastern Indonesia and southern Papua New Guinea (Limpus in press, as cited in DEWHA 2008). Individual turtles foraging in the same area do not necessarily take the same migration route (Limpus 1992). Nesting populations in eastern Queensland migrate from the Solomon Islands, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu (Miller et al. 1998; Parmenter 1983).Captures of tagged turtles have also shown that individual Hawksbills also move between Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Vaughan & Spring 1980). Satellite tracking has shown that Hawksbill Turtles nesting on Varanus Island and Rosemary Island in Western Australia feed between 50 km and 450 km from their nesting beaches (Pendoley 2005). (environment 2012) Works Cited http://www. fws. gov/northflorida/SeaTurtles/Turtle%20Factsheets/Hawksbill-Sea-Turtle. htm â€Å"The Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys Imbricata). † The Hawksbill Turtle. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. . Hawksbill Sea Turtle. † National Geographic. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. . â€Å"Hawksbill Sea Turtles, Eretmochelys Imbricata. † At MarineBio. org. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. . â€Å"Hawksbill Sea Turtle. † : Size, Color, Distribution, Feeding. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. . â€Å"Biodiversity. † Eretmochelys Imbricata a Hawksbill Turtle. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. .

Cultural Diversity An Understanding Of Multiple Cultures

ä ¼ËœÃ¨ ´ ¨Ã¦Å  ¤Ã§ â€ Ã¦Å" Ã¥Å  ¡, Qualità ¤t in der Pflege, è ³ ªÃ£  ®Ã© «ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£â€š ±Ã£â€š ¢, và ¥rdkvalitet, atencià ³n de calidad, quality care. In the nursing profession in order for there to be quality care there needs to be an understanding of multiple cultures. Cultural diversity is the â€Å"plurality of ideas and opinions for behavior to which people are exposed, adding to the texture and complicity of a society.† (Craven, Hirnle, Jensen, n.d., p. 1396) Cultural acceptance and knowledge of diverity does not just begin in the place of employment, it is also important in the education of nursing as well. Diverse teaching and a diverse set of nursing students is what is needed in order for cultural diversity to be understood and for quality care to be met in the up and coming nurses. In nursing education there needs to be diverse nursing students, increased effectiveness in education with diverse nursing students, and in hospitals an increase in racial and ethical diversity. Diversity is the similarities and differences in age, culture, education, ethnicity, experience, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation and many more. For many years when one though of a nurse they imagined a white woman in a white uniform. In the world today, with so many different views and beliefs there needs to be a greater diverse pool of nurses. Achieving this diversity of nurses starts with nursing students. â€Å"Expansion of diversity within the nursing student body and thereby in the nursing profession is acknowledged as a desirable goal thatShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Education Is A Method For Instruction That Values Diversity Within The Classroom1227 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States diversity will become progressively more reflected in our schools. 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Definition and Examples of Active Vocabulary

An active vocabulary is made up of the words readily used and clearly understood by an individual when speaking and writing. Contrast with passive vocabulary. Martin Manser notes that an active vocabulary consists  of the words that [people] use frequently and confidently. If someone asks them to make up a sentence containing such and such a word—and they can do it—then that word is part of their active vocabulary. In contrast, Manser says, a persons passive vocabulary consists of the words whose meanings they know—so that they do not have to look the words up in a dictionary—but which they would not necessarily use in ordinary conversation or writing  (The Penguin Writers Manual, 2004). Examples and Observations An active vocabulary covers all those words people need to use and have no reservations about using to communicate with others on an everyday basis. The range of peoples active vocabulary is a unique reflection of their sociocultural position and the range of discursive practices engaged in. In other words, it depends on the range of relations people contract as a part of everyday existence, over a lifetime. Except for people who frequently make contact with the specialist meaning systems of professions or of other special knowledge categories, most peoples active words are high frequency words in the language and need little stimulus to activate them in the mental lexicon. They are ready for use in incoming and outgoing messages, with no noticeable effort.(David Corson, Using English Words. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995) Developing an Active Vocabulary When teachers tell you not to use the word get or to find a better adjective to replace nice, they are trying to encourage you to transfer words from your passive vocabulary into your active vocabulary. (Laurie Bauer, Vocabulary. Routledge, 1998)As a writer, try to turn much of your recognition vocabulary into active vocabulary. In order to make the switch, you must be certain to observe the context, connotation, and denotation of every word you intend to transfer. (Adrienne Robins,  The Analytical Writer: A College Rhetoric. Collegiate Press, 1996)Educationists believe that using vocabulary in communicative tasks is more beneficial to developing  active vocabulary  than requiring learners to memorize isolated words, or leaving them to their own devices. (Batia Laufer, Quantitative Evaluation of Vocabulary.  Experimenting with Uncertainty: Essays in Honour of Alan Davies,  ed. by C. Elder et al. Cambridge University Press, 2001)While studies agree that knowledge of vocabula ry is important for developing reading skills, they also show it is normally extensive reading that helps develop a wide vocabulary. (Irene Schwab and Nora Hughes, Language Variety. Teaching Adult Literacy: Principles and Practice, ed. by Nora Hughes and Irene Schwab. Open University Press, 2010) Graded Knowledge of Words The active vocabulary obviously consists of words that we know better than those that constitute our passive vocabulary. The same distinction holds for native speakers, who also actively use only a subset of the words they are familiar with. Another instance of graded knowledge of words is the fact that, even as native speakers, we often only know that we have heard or read a certain word before, but do not know what it means. (Ingo Plag, Word-Formation in English. Cambridge University. Press, 2003)